Tuesday, January 28, 2020
Earthââ¬â¢s hydrologic cycle Essay Example for Free
Earthââ¬â¢s hydrologic cycle Essay The chemical quality of precipitation in the earthââ¬â¢s hydrologic cycle is significantly altered upon contact with the forest canopy. These chemical changes are traceable to natural biological processes and from polluted airsheds which affects precipitation chemistry. What happens to the water when it reaches solid earth shall be viewed by the chemical changes that occur on the different stages of the hydrologic cycle. Earthââ¬â¢s hydrologic cycle Hydrologic cycle is the process where water moves from and to the earth through the atmosphere over time and space scales powered mainly by the solar energy and gravity. Solar energy drives the evaporation process effectively transforming water from liquid to gas which results to cloud formation through saturation (Davie Davie 2002). The degree of equilibrium then is the maximum point of saturation in any mixed atmosphere of vapor and air. When the air cools below the dew point, condensation of water vapor begins. The air at higher altitude is less dense producing lesser heat and lesser air pressure giving out cooler air. Condensation is the process through which water vapor changes to its liquid state again in the form of dew, smoke or fog. Precipitation occurs when clouds can no longer hold the heavy water vapor and it falls back to the earth in the form rain or snow and other forms. The distribution of precipitation on earth depends on the patterns of rising and falling air currents. Precipitation fills oceans, river, vegetation, land and other surfaces. Part of the water reaching the ground surface is highly dependent on turbulent transport from the atmosphere to the canopy on its composition, structure and properties. Rainwater picks up dust particles, plant seeds, bacteria, dissolved gases and ionizing radiation as it falls. It also accumulates with chemical substances like sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and ammonia upon hitting the ground. Aerosols, pesticides and fertilizers, sewage and industrial wastes which were introduced into the ground also mix with the infiltrating ground water. If precipitation continues, complete saturation of the soil zone occurs. This allows the water to continue to descend until it merges into a zone of dense rock. Density is directly proportional on its ability to allow penetration of water. Around these rocks are unsaturated and permeable materials called gravel, shale or sand. The boundary between the unsaturated and the water bearing rocks is defined as the water table. Water table could be hundreds of meters below the water surface where sometimes water rises without pumping in the form of springs. Drilling an artesian well will cause the water to gush to the surface until the pressure is equalized. Pumping may be necessary to lift water to the surface. Ground water is largest source of fresh water but is very difficult to track. Ground water well is good if the aquifer water level that supplies it stays the same. Cone of depression occurs when ground water is pumped from an aquifer through a well lowering its water level (Strobel n. d. ). A gradient then occurs producing a flow from the surrounding aquifer into the well decreasing water levels around the well. This results in a conical shaped depression that seems to radiate away from the well continuously expanding in a radial fashion until a point of equilibrium occurs. This plays an important role when planning well placements and deciding pumping rates including distances between wells. References Davie, T. Davie, T. (2002). Fundamentals of hydrology. New York, NY: Routledge. Strobel, M. (n. d. ). Letââ¬â¢s talk water cone of depression. Retrieved April 28, 2008 Website: http://nevada. usgs. gov/barcass/articles/Ely27. pdf
Monday, January 20, 2020
Hamlet: Hamlets Sanity :: Shakespeare Hamlet Essays
Hamlet: Hamlet's Sanity ââ¬Å"Great wits are sure to madness near allied, and thin partitions do their bounds divide.â⬠Though John Dryden's quote was not made in regard to William Shakespeare's Hamlet, it relates very well to the argument of whether or not Hamlet went insane. When a character such as Hamlet is under scrutiny, it can sometimes be difficult to determine what state he is in at particular moments in the play. Nonetheless, Hamlet merely pretends to be insane so that he can calculate his moves according to the situation at hand. There are many situations throughout the play that are enough to bring Hamlet to insanity. Take, for example, Act IV, scene II, after Polonius's death. Hamlet's day has been hectic; he finally determines that Claudius has killed his father. The chance to kill Claudius confronts him, and he comes very close to convincing Gertrude that Claudius killed his father. Hamlet accidentally kills Polonius and finally, the ghost of his father visits him. Though at this point these situations create plenty of reasons for Hamlet to be insane, he remains sharp and credible. ââ¬Å"[Hamlet] concocts this state of madness...his intellect remains clear, his discourse sound and comprehensive,â⬠(Harris, p. 129). Hamlet reveals to his friends and his mother of his plans to pretend act insane. He tells Horatio that he is going to "feign madness," and that if Horatio notices any strange behavior from Hamlet, it is because he is putting on an act. (I, v). Hamlet also tells his mother that he is not mad, "but mad in craft." (III, iv). In addition to his confessions, Hamlet's madness only manifests itself when he is in the presence of certain characters. When Hamlet is around Polonius, Claudius, Gertrude, Ophelia, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, he behaves irrationally. When Hamlet is around Horatio, Bernardo, Francisco, The Players and the Gravediggers, he behaves rationally (Bevington, p. 59). Some of the characters themselves come to realize that Hamlet is not mad. Claudius confesses that Hamlet's "actions although strange, do not appear to stem from madness." (III, i). In addition, Polonius admits that Hamlet's actions and words have a "method" to them; there appears to be a reason behind them, they are logical in nature. (II, ii). Hamlet is also able to make smart remarks to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, comparing them to sponges. "When he (Claudius) needs what you have gleaned, it is but squeezing you and, sponge, you shall be dry again," ( ). This is random and unexpected, as many of his actions, but the comparison makes sense; Rosencrantz and Guildenstern soak up all the kings
Sunday, January 12, 2020
Long-Tõrm Plan for Black Amõrica
Thà µ à µconomic nationalism of Bookà µr T. Washington, which rà µlià µd on businà µss ownà µrship to providà µ thà µ mà µans for group advancà µmà µnt, rà µprà µsà µnts thà µ classic capitalistic approach to à µconomic dà µvà µlopmà µnt. Throughout thà µ twà µntià µth cà µntury, thà µrà µ havà µ bà µÃ µn a numbà µr of approachà µs suggà µstà µd for improving thà µ à µconomic viability of African-Amà µrican communitià µs in thà µ Unità µd Statà µs.Givà µn thà µ à µconomic discrimination and opprà µssion by institutions in thà µ largà µr socià µty, many social thà µorists and urban à µconomists havà µ arguà µd that African-Amà µricans should usà µ thà µir sà µgrà µgatà µd social circumstancà µs to build a sà µparatà µ and autonomous à µconomic basà µ within thà µir own communitià µs.Thà µ sharà µd à µxpà µrià µncà µ of social sà µgrà µgation, à µmploymà µnt discrimination, and minority status would providà µ th à µ rationalà µ for thà µ dà µvà µlopmà µnt of coopà µrativà µ à µntà µrprisà µs that would advancà µ thà µ à µconomic conditions of thà µ à µntirà µ black community.Businà µss ownà µrship is sà µÃ µn as thà µ à µconomic à µnginà µ for thà µ community dà µvà µlopmà µnt procà µss. Ãâ¢conomic dà µvà µlopmà µnt through thà µ promotion of à µntrà µprà µnà µurship à µxalts individualistic à µfforts and prà µdicts thà µ à µvà µntual ââ¬Å"tricklà µ downâ⬠of bà µnà µfits from thà µ capitalists to thà µ workà µrs.Washington assumà µd that sincà µ à µntrà µprà µnà µurship has workà µd succà µssfully for many othà µr Amà µricans by bringing à µconomic and social advancà µmà µnt, it should do thà µ samà µ for African-Amà µricans.Ãâ¢ntrà µprà µnà µurship is assumà µd to havà µ immà µnsà µ powà µrs. Ãâ¢conomist Sol Ahiarah, a lattà µr-day proponà µnt of Washington's à µconomic philosophy, arguà µd that â⠬Å"by owning [businà µssà µs] and . . . controlling thà µir mà µans of livà µlihood blacks can solvà µ most of thà µir own problà µms and à µvà µn bà µ immunizà µd against racismâ⬠[Ahiarah 1993, 18].Businà µss ownà µrship was promotà µd as thà µ mà µans for community rà µvitalization. For mà µ as for young black man thà µ plan has bà µÃ µn an attractivà µ onà µ bà µcausà µ it corrà µsponds with thà µ prà µvailing capitalistic à µthos in Amà µrican socià µty. Many policymakà µrs havà µ bà µÃ µn so pà µrsistà µnt in thà µir rà µliancà µ on à µntrà µprà µnà µurship that altà µrnativà µ approachà µs wà µrà µ rarà µly considà µrà µd.Washington's à µconomic dà µvà µlopmà µnt proposals wà µrà µ a rà µsponsà µ to thà µ là µgal sà µgrà µgation of that à µra. Hà µ promotà µd appà µasà µmà µnt and political accommodation-thà µsà µ wà µrà µ thà µ hallmarks of his idà µological position. His ovà µrall objà µcti và µ was sà µlf-sufficià µncy, and hà µ was considà µrà µd thà µ là µading advocatà µ of à µconomic nationalism in thà µ black community [Butlà µr 1985, 65].To Washington, thà µ dà µvà µlopmà µnt of black à µntrà µprà µnà µurship within thà µ confinà µs of thà µ sà µgrà µgatà µd black community was thà µ most viablà µ routà µ to à µconomic stability and à µquality. Thà µ à µconomic dà µvà µlopmà µnt of thà µ black community would bà µ proof to thà µ dominant whità µ socià µty that African-Amà µricans wà µrà µ à µqual [Blair 1977, 10].Thà µ Washington approach and thà µ Mondragon sharà µ only two common charactà µristics. First, both wà µrà µ dà µsignà µd to sà µrvà µ an à µthnically opprà µssà µd pà µoplà µ. Sà µcond, à µach is toutà µd as a mà µans for achià µving group advancà µmà µnt. Unlikà µ thà µ Mondragon, which makà µs social dà µvà µlopmà µnt à µssà µntial to à µconomic dà µvà µlopmà µnt, Washing ton's à µntrà µprà µnà µurial focus was only implicitly tià µd to broadà µr social concà µrns such as group advancà µmà µnt.To Washington, thà µ primary issuà µ was individual à µconomic advancà µmà µnt. Ãâ¢quality, and indà µÃ µd indà µpà µndà µncà µ, would bà µ achià µvà µd as individual blacks provà µd thà µir ability to survivà µ in thà µ Amà µrican capitalist à µnvironmà µnt. Washington bà µlià µvà µd that blacks would achià µvà µ thà µir civil rights only aftà µr thà µy had à µstablishà µd an à µconomic basà µ [Thornburgh 1969, 11].Washington's à µntrà µprà µnà µurial focus bà µnà µfittà µd a small group of individuals. Thà µ propà µnsity to bà µ à µlitist contrasts with thà µ intà µntions of thà µ foundà µrs of Mondragon, who wà µrà µ distrustful of à µlità µ control. Unfortunatà µly, Washington's à µlitist approach rà µducà µs thà µ positivà µ impact that businà µss dà µvà µlopmà µnt can havà µ on thà µ widà µr community and thà µ likà µlihood of group advancà µmà µnt [Wallacà µ 1993, 46].In his analysis of Washington's à µconomic program, social thà µorist Harold Crusà µ concludà µd that this approach ââ¬Å"would not havà µ gonà µ và µry far in allà µviating thà µ à µconomic disabilitià µs of thà µ black rank and filà µ in thà µ industrial, agricultural, and sà µrvicà µ sà µctorsâ⬠[Crusà µ 1987, 92].As an à µconomic dà µvà µlopmà µnt stratà µgy for thà µ black community, à µntrà µprà µnà µurship is a simplistic approach. It focusà µd solà µly on à µconomic issuà µs, whilà µ thà µ othà µr conditions à µndurà µd by blacks wà µrà µ to bà µ gradually attà µndà µd to through thà µ procà µss of tricklà µ down.Many othà µr à µthnic groups in thà µ Unità µd Statà µs wà µrà µ ablà µ to bà µcomà µ sà µlf-sufficià µnt bà µcausà µ thà µy could conduct businà µss within and outsidà µ thà µir immà µdiatà µ nà µigh borhoods and communitià µs.Howà µvà µr, thà µ opportunity for à µxpansion is not availablà µ to black businà µssà µs. Là µgally sanctionà µd discrimination forcà µd black à µntrà µprà µnà µurs to takà µ an ââ¬Å"à µconomic dà µtour,â⬠around thà µ possibility of conducting businà µss bà µyond thà µir own communitià µs. This dà µtour sà µriously limità µd thà µ potà µntial dà µvà µlopmà µnt of black businà µssà µs and à µntrà µprà µnà µurship [Butlà µr 1985].In thà µ Crisis magazinà µ, W.C. Matnà µy madà µ this important obsà µrvation: Into this [frà µÃ µ à µntà µrprisà µ systà µm], wà µ find thà µ Nà µgro first introducà µd as a slavà µ and dà µmà µd all rights.Today hà µ is a slavà µ of thà µ industrial and commà µrcial ordà µr by virtuà µ of thà µ industrial and commà µrcial rà µstrictions and dà µnials imposà µd upon him. Hà µ livà µs in a compà µtitivà µ agà µ but must not compà µtà µ in a compà µti tivà µ markà µt [1930, 11].Thà µ problà µms of thà µ black community arà µ not mà µrà µly à µconomic as thà µ à µntrà µprà µnà µurial policy prà µsupposà µs. Thà µsà µ dilà µmmas rà µquirà µ comprà µhà µnsivà µ solutions.Tabb concludà µd that CDCs would not attain thà µ collà µctivà µ goal of community rà µvival bà µcausà µ thà µ stratà µgy callà µd for thà µ support of black à µntrà µprà µnà µurs who opà µratà µd for pà µrsonal profits.Thà µ failurà µ of many CDCs to fostà µr à µconomic advancà µmà µnt for urban blacks again dà µmonstratà µd thà µ inhà µrà µnt wà µaknà µss in black capitalistic và µnturà µs as và µhiclà µs of community dà µvà µlopmà µnt.Marcus Garvà µy's Univà µrsal Nà µgro Improvà µmà µnt Association (UNIA) producà µd an altà µrnativà µ coopà µrativà µ modà µl for black community dà µvà µlopmà µnt that has also bà µÃ µn utilizà µd by othà µr groups including thà µ Nation of Islam and many black rà µligious dà µnominations. It sharà µs many charactà µristics with thà µ Mondragon.Although nà µvà µr fully rà µalizà µd, Garvà µy's stratà µgy à µnvisionà µd thà µ collà µctivà µ à µconomic advancà µmà µnt of African pà µoplà µs throughout thà µ world [A. Garvà µy 1967, 127].
Saturday, January 4, 2020
World War II List of Battles By Year and Theater
World War II: Conferences Aftermath | World War II: 101 | World War II: Leaders People The battles of the World War II were fought across the globe from the fields of Western Europe and the Russian plains to the China and the waters of the Pacific. Beginning in 1939, these battles caused massive destruction and loss of life and elevated to prominence places that had previously been unknown. As a result, names such as Stalingrad, Bastogne, Guadalcanal, and Iwo Jima became eternally entwined with images of sacrifice, bloodshed, and heroism. The most costly and far-reaching conflict in history, World War II saw an unprecedented number of engagements as the Axis and Allies sought to achieve victory. The battles of World War II are largely divided into the European Theater (Western Europe), Eastern Front, Mediterranean/North Africa Theater, and the Pacific Theater. During World War II, between 22 and 26 million men were killed in battle as each side fought for their chosen cause. World War II Battles by Year and Theater 1939 September 3-May 8, 1945 - Battle of the Atlantic - Atlantic Ocean December 13 - Battle of the River Plate - South America 1940 February 16 - Altmark Incident - European Theater May 25-June 4 - Dunkirk Evacuation - European Theater July 3 - Attack on Mers el Kebir - North Africa July-October - Battle of Britain - European Theater September 17 - Operation Sea Lion (Invasion of Britain) - Postponed - European Theater November 11/12 - Battle of Taranto - Mediterranean December 8-February 9 - Operation Compass - North Africa 1941 March 27-29 - Battle of Cape Matapan - Mediterranean April 6-30 - Battle of Greece - Mediterranean May 20-June 1 - Battle of Crete - Mediterranean May 24 - Battle of the Denmark Strait - Atlantic September 8-January 27, 1944 - Siege of Leningrad - Eastern Front October 2-January 7, 1942 - Battle of Moscow - Eastern Front December 7 - Attack on Pearl Harbor - Pacific Theater December 8-23 - Battle of Wake Island - Pacific Theater December 8-25 - Battle of Hong Kong - Pacific Theater December 10 - Sinking of Force Z - Pacific Theater 1942 January 7-April 9 - Battle of Bataan - Pacific Theater January 31-February 15 - Battle of Singapore - Pacific Theater February 27 - Battle of the Java Sea - Pacific Theater April 18 - Doolittle Raid - Pacific Theater March 31-April 10 - Indian Ocean Raid - Pacific Theater May 4-8 - Battle of the Coral Sea - Pacific Theater May 5-6 - Battle of Corregidor - Pacific Theater May 26-June 21 - Battle of Gazala - North Africa June 4-7 - Battle of Midway - Pacific Theater July 1-27 - First Battle of El Alamein - North Africa August 7-February 9, 1943 - Battle of Guadalcanal - Pacific Theater August 9-15 - Operation Pedestal - Relief of Malta - Mediterranean August 9 - Battle of Savo Island - Pacific Theater August 19 - Dieppe Raid - European Theater August 24/25 - Battle of the Eastern Solomons - Pacific Theater August 25-September 7 - Battle of Milne Bay - Pacific August 30-September 5 - Battle of Alam Halfa - North Africa July 17-February 2, 1943 - Battle of Stalingrad - Eastern Front October 11/12 - Battle of Cape Esperance - Pacific Theater October 23-November 5 - Second Battle of El Alamein - North Africa November 8-16 - Naval Battle of Casablanca - North Africa October 25-26 - Battle of Santa Cruz - Pacific Theater November 8 - Operation Torch - North Africa November 12-15 - Naval Battle of Guadalcanal - Pacific Theater November 27 - Operation Lila Scuttling of the French Fleet - Mediterranean November 30 - Battle of Tassafaronga - Pacific Theater 1943 January 29-30 - Battle of Rennell Island - Pacific Theater February 19-25 - Battle of Kasserine Pass - North Africa February 19-March 15 - Third Battle of Kharkov - Eastern Front March 2-4 - Battle of the Bismarck Sea - Pacific Theater April 18 - Operation Vengeance (Yamamoto Shot Down) - Pacific Theater April 19-May 16 - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - Eastern Front May 17 - Operation Chastise (Dambuster Raids) - European Theater July 9-August 17 - Invasion of Sicily - Mediterranean July 24-August 3 - Operation Gomorrah (Firebombing Hamburg) - European Theater August 17 - Schweinfurt-Regensburg Raid - European Theater September 3-16 - Invasion of Italy - European Theater September 26 - Operation Jaywick - Pacific Theater November 2 - Battle of Empress Augusta Bay - Pacific Theater November 20-23 - Battle of Tarawa - Pacific Theater November 20-23 - Battle of Makin - Pacific Theater December 26 - Battle of the North Cape - Atlantic Ocean 1944 January 22-June 5 - Battle of Anzio - Mediterranean January 31-February 3 - Battle of Kwajalein - Pacific Theater February 17-18 - Operation Hailstone (Attack on Truk) - Pacific Theater February 17-May 18 - Battle of Monte Cassino - European Theater March 17-23 - Battle of Eniwetok - Pacific Theater March 24/25 - The Great Escape - European Theater June 4 - Capture of U-505 - European Theater June 6 - Operation Deadstick (Pegasus Bridge) - European Theater June 6 - D-Day - Invasion of Normandy - European Theater June 6-July 20 - Battle of Caen - European Theater June 15-July 9 - Battle of Saipan - Pacific Theater June 19-20 - Battle of the Philippine Sea - Pacific Theater July 21-August 10 - Battle of Guam - Pacific Theater July 25-31 - Operation Cobra - Breakout from Normandy - European Theater August 12-21 - Battle of the Falaise Pocketà - European Theater August 15-September 14 - Operation Dragoon - Invasion of Southern France - European Theater September 15-November 27 - Battle of Peleliu - Pacific Theater September 17-25 - Operation Market-Garden - European Theater October 23-26 - Battle of Leyte Gulf December 16-January 25, 1945 - Battle of the Bulge - European Theater 1945 February 9 - HMS Venturer sinks U-864 - European Theater February 13-15 - Dresden Bombing - European Theater February 16-26 - Battle of Corregidor (1945) - Pacific Theater February 19-March 26 - Battle of Iwo Jima - Pacific Theater April 1-June 22 - Battle of Okinawa - Pacific Theater March 7-8 - Bridge at Remagen - European Theater March 24 - Operation Varsity - European Theater April 7 - Operation Ten-Go - Pacific Theater April 16-19 - Battle of the Seelow Heights - Eurpean Theater April 16-May 2 - Battle of Berlin - European Theater April 29-May 8 - Operations Manna Chowhound - European Theater à World War II: Conferences Aftermath | World War II: 101 | World War II: Leaders People
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