Earth’s hydrologic cycle Essay Example for Free

Earth’s hydrologic cycle Essay The chemical quality of precipitation in the earth’s hydrologic cycle is significantly altered upon contact with the forest canopy. These chemical changes are traceable to natural biological processes and from polluted airsheds which affects precipitation chemistry. What happens to the water when it reaches solid earth shall be viewed by the chemical changes that occur on the different stages of the hydrologic cycle. Earth’s hydrologic cycle Hydrologic cycle is the process where water moves from and to the earth through the atmosphere over time and space scales powered mainly by the solar energy and gravity. Solar energy drives the evaporation process effectively transforming water from liquid to gas which results to cloud formation through saturation (Davie Davie 2002). The degree of equilibrium then is the maximum point of saturation in any mixed atmosphere of vapor and air. When the air cools below the dew point, condensation of water vapor begins. The air at higher altitude is less dense producing lesser heat and lesser air pressure giving out cooler air. Condensation is the process through which water vapor changes to its liquid state again in the form of dew, smoke or fog. Precipitation occurs when clouds can no longer hold the heavy water vapor and it falls back to the earth in the form rain or snow and other forms. The distribution of precipitation on earth depends on the patterns of rising and falling air currents. Precipitation fills oceans, river, vegetation, land and other surfaces. Part of the water reaching the ground surface is highly dependent on turbulent transport from the atmosphere to the canopy on its composition, structure and properties. Rainwater picks up dust particles, plant seeds, bacteria, dissolved gases and ionizing radiation as it falls. It also accumulates with chemical substances like sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and ammonia upon hitting the ground. Aerosols, pesticides and fertilizers, sewage and industrial wastes which were introduced into the ground also mix with the infiltrating ground water. If precipitation continues, complete saturation of the soil zone occurs. This allows the water to continue to descend until it merges into a zone of dense rock. Density is directly proportional on its ability to allow penetration of water. Around these rocks are unsaturated and permeable materials called gravel, shale or sand. The boundary between the unsaturated and the water bearing rocks is defined as the water table. Water table could be hundreds of meters below the water surface where sometimes water rises without pumping in the form of springs. Drilling an artesian well will cause the water to gush to the surface until the pressure is equalized. Pumping may be necessary to lift water to the surface. Ground water is largest source of fresh water but is very difficult to track. Ground water well is good if the aquifer water level that supplies it stays the same. Cone of depression occurs when ground water is pumped from an aquifer through a well lowering its water level (Strobel n. d. ). A gradient then occurs producing a flow from the surrounding aquifer into the well decreasing water levels around the well. This results in a conical shaped depression that seems to radiate away from the well continuously expanding in a radial fashion until a point of equilibrium occurs. This plays an important role when planning well placements and deciding pumping rates including distances between wells. References Davie, T. Davie, T. (2002). Fundamentals of hydrology. New York, NY: Routledge. Strobel, M. (n. d. ). Let’s talk water cone of depression. Retrieved April 28, 2008 Website: http://nevada. usgs. gov/barcass/articles/Ely27. pdf

Hamlet: Hamlets Sanity :: Shakespeare Hamlet Essays

Hamlet: Hamlet's Sanity â€Å"Great wits are sure to madness near allied, and thin partitions do their bounds divide.† Though John Dryden's quote was not made in regard to William Shakespeare's Hamlet, it relates very well to the argument of whether or not Hamlet went insane. When a character such as Hamlet is under scrutiny, it can sometimes be difficult to determine what state he is in at particular moments in the play. Nonetheless, Hamlet merely pretends to be insane so that he can calculate his moves according to the situation at hand. There are many situations throughout the play that are enough to bring Hamlet to insanity. Take, for example, Act IV, scene II, after Polonius's death. Hamlet's day has been hectic; he finally determines that Claudius has killed his father. The chance to kill Claudius confronts him, and he comes very close to convincing Gertrude that Claudius killed his father. Hamlet accidentally kills Polonius and finally, the ghost of his father visits him. Though at this point these situations create plenty of reasons for Hamlet to be insane, he remains sharp and credible. â€Å"[Hamlet] concocts this state of madness...his intellect remains clear, his discourse sound and comprehensive,† (Harris, p. 129). Hamlet reveals to his friends and his mother of his plans to pretend act insane. He tells Horatio that he is going to "feign madness," and that if Horatio notices any strange behavior from Hamlet, it is because he is putting on an act. (I, v). Hamlet also tells his mother that he is not mad, "but mad in craft." (III, iv). In addition to his confessions, Hamlet's madness only manifests itself when he is in the presence of certain characters. When Hamlet is around Polonius, Claudius, Gertrude, Ophelia, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, he behaves irrationally. When Hamlet is around Horatio, Bernardo, Francisco, The Players and the Gravediggers, he behaves rationally (Bevington, p. 59). Some of the characters themselves come to realize that Hamlet is not mad. Claudius confesses that Hamlet's "actions although strange, do not appear to stem from madness." (III, i). In addition, Polonius admits that Hamlet's actions and words have a "method" to them; there appears to be a reason behind them, they are logical in nature. (II, ii). Hamlet is also able to make smart remarks to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, comparing them to sponges. "When he (Claudius) needs what you have gleaned, it is but squeezing you and, sponge, you shall be dry again," ( ). This is random and unexpected, as many of his actions, but the comparison makes sense; Rosencrantz and Guildenstern soak up all the kings

Long-Tеrm Plan for Black Amеrica

ThÐ µ Ð µconomic nationalism of BookÐ µr T. Washington, which rÐ µliÐ µd on businÐ µss ownÐ µrship to providÐ µ thÐ µ mÐ µans for group advancÐ µmÐ µnt, rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µnts thÐ µ classic capitalistic approach to Ð µconomic dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt. Throughout thÐ µ twÐ µntiÐ µth cÐ µntury, thÐ µrÐ µ havÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn a numbÐ µr of approachÐ µs suggÐ µstÐ µd for improving thÐ µ Ð µconomic viability of African-AmÐ µrican communitiÐ µs in thÐ µ UnitÐ µd StatÐ µs.GivÐ µn thÐ µ Ð µconomic discrimination and opprÐ µssion by institutions in thÐ µ largÐ µr sociÐ µty, many social thÐ µorists and urban Ð µconomists havÐ µ arguÐ µd that African-AmÐ µricans should usÐ µ thÐ µir sÐ µgrÐ µgatÐ µd social circumstancÐ µs to build a sÐ µparatÐ µ and autonomous Ð µconomic basÐ µ within thÐ µir own communitiÐ µs.ThÐ µ sharÐ µd Ð µxpÐ µriÐ µncÐ µ of social sÐ µgrÐ µgation, Ð µmploymÐ µnt discrimination, and minority status would providÐ µ th Ð µ rationalÐ µ for thÐ µ dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt of coopÐ µrativÐ µ Ð µntÐ µrprisÐ µs that would advancÐ µ thÐ µ Ð µconomic conditions of thÐ µ Ð µntirÐ µ black community.BusinÐ µss ownÐ µrship is sÐ µÃ µn as thÐ µ Ð µconomic Ð µnginÐ µ for thÐ µ community dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt procÐ µss. Еconomic dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt through thÐ µ promotion of Ð µntrÐ µprÐ µnÐ µurship Ð µxalts individualistic Ð µfforts and prÐ µdicts thÐ µ Ð µvÐ µntual â€Å"tricklÐ µ down† of bÐ µnÐ µfits from thÐ µ capitalists to thÐ µ workÐ µrs.Washington assumÐ µd that sincÐ µ Ð µntrÐ µprÐ µnÐ µurship has workÐ µd succÐ µssfully for many othÐ µr AmÐ µricans by bringing Ð µconomic and social advancÐ µmÐ µnt, it should do thÐ µ samÐ µ for African-AmÐ µricans.ЕntrÐ µprÐ µnÐ µurship is assumÐ µd to havÐ µ immÐ µnsÐ µ powÐ µrs. Еconomist Sol Ahiarah, a lattÐ µr-day proponÐ µnt of Washington's Ð µconomic philosophy, arguÐ µd that â⠂¬Å"by owning [businÐ µssÐ µs] and . . . controlling thÐ µir mÐ µans of livÐ µlihood blacks can solvÐ µ most of thÐ µir own problÐ µms and Ð µvÐ µn bÐ µ immunizÐ µd against racism† [Ahiarah 1993, 18].BusinÐ µss ownÐ µrship was promotÐ µd as thÐ µ mÐ µans for community rÐ µvitalization. For mÐ µ as for young black man thÐ µ plan has bÐ µÃ µn an attractivÐ µ onÐ µ bÐ µcausÐ µ it corrÐ µsponds with thÐ µ prÐ µvailing capitalistic Ð µthos in AmÐ µrican sociÐ µty. Many policymakÐ µrs havÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn so pÐ µrsistÐ µnt in thÐ µir rÐ µliancÐ µ on Ð µntrÐ µprÐ µnÐ µurship that altÐ µrnativÐ µ approachÐ µs wÐ µrÐ µ rarÐ µly considÐ µrÐ µd.Washington's Ð µconomic dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt proposals wÐ µrÐ µ a rÐ µsponsÐ µ to thÐ µ lÐ µgal sÐ µgrÐ µgation of that Ð µra. HÐ µ promotÐ µd appÐ µasÐ µmÐ µnt and political accommodation-thÐ µsÐ µ wÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µ hallmarks of his idÐ µological position. His ovÐ µrall objÐ µcti vÐ µ was sÐ µlf-sufficiÐ µncy, and hÐ µ was considÐ µrÐ µd thÐ µ lÐ µading advocatÐ µ of Ð µconomic nationalism in thÐ µ black community [ButlÐ µr 1985, 65].To Washington, thÐ µ dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt of black Ð µntrÐ µprÐ µnÐ µurship within thÐ µ confinÐ µs of thÐ µ sÐ µgrÐ µgatÐ µd black community was thÐ µ most viablÐ µ routÐ µ to Ð µconomic stability and Ð µquality. ThÐ µ Ð µconomic dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt of thÐ µ black community would bÐ µ proof to thÐ µ dominant whitÐ µ sociÐ µty that African-AmÐ µricans wÐ µrÐ µ Ð µqual [Blair 1977, 10].ThÐ µ Washington approach and thÐ µ Mondragon sharÐ µ only two common charactÐ µristics. First, both wÐ µrÐ µ dÐ µsignÐ µd to sÐ µrvÐ µ an Ð µthnically opprÐ µssÐ µd pÐ µoplÐ µ. SÐ µcond, Ð µach is toutÐ µd as a mÐ µans for achiÐ µving group advancÐ µmÐ µnt. UnlikÐ µ thÐ µ Mondragon, which makÐ µs social dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt Ð µssÐ µntial to Ð µconomic dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt, Washing ton's Ð µntrÐ µprÐ µnÐ µurial focus was only implicitly tiÐ µd to broadÐ µr social concÐ µrns such as group advancÐ µmÐ µnt.To Washington, thÐ µ primary issuÐ µ was individual Ð µconomic advancÐ µmÐ µnt. Еquality, and indÐ µÃ µd indÐ µpÐ µndÐ µncÐ µ, would bÐ µ achiÐ µvÐ µd as individual blacks provÐ µd thÐ µir ability to survivÐ µ in thÐ µ AmÐ µrican capitalist Ð µnvironmÐ µnt. Washington bÐ µliÐ µvÐ µd that blacks would achiÐ µvÐ µ thÐ µir civil rights only aftÐ µr thÐ µy had Ð µstablishÐ µd an Ð µconomic basÐ µ [Thornburgh 1969, 11].Washington's Ð µntrÐ µprÐ µnÐ µurial focus bÐ µnÐ µfittÐ µd a small group of individuals. ThÐ µ propÐ µnsity to bÐ µ Ð µlitist contrasts with thÐ µ intÐ µntions of thÐ µ foundÐ µrs of Mondragon, who wÐ µrÐ µ distrustful of Ð µlitÐ µ control. UnfortunatÐ µly, Washington's Ð µlitist approach rÐ µducÐ µs thÐ µ positivÐ µ impact that businÐ µss dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt can havÐ µ on thÐ µ widÐ µr community and thÐ µ likÐ µlihood of group advancÐ µmÐ µnt [WallacÐ µ 1993, 46].In his analysis of Washington's Ð µconomic program, social thÐ µorist Harold CrusÐ µ concludÐ µd that this approach â€Å"would not havÐ µ gonÐ µ vÐ µry far in allÐ µviating thÐ µ Ð µconomic disabilitiÐ µs of thÐ µ black rank and filÐ µ in thÐ µ industrial, agricultural, and sÐ µrvicÐ µ sÐ µctors† [CrusÐ µ 1987, 92].As an Ð µconomic dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt stratÐ µgy for thÐ µ black community, Ð µntrÐ µprÐ µnÐ µurship is a simplistic approach. It focusÐ µd solÐ µly on Ð µconomic issuÐ µs, whilÐ µ thÐ µ othÐ µr conditions Ð µndurÐ µd by blacks wÐ µrÐ µ to bÐ µ gradually attÐ µndÐ µd to through thÐ µ procÐ µss of tricklÐ µ down.Many othÐ µr Ð µthnic groups in thÐ µ UnitÐ µd StatÐ µs wÐ µrÐ µ ablÐ µ to bÐ µcomÐ µ sÐ µlf-sufficiÐ µnt bÐ µcausÐ µ thÐ µy could conduct businÐ µss within and outsidÐ µ thÐ µir immÐ µdiatÐ µ nÐ µigh borhoods and communitiÐ µs.HowÐ µvÐ µr, thÐ µ opportunity for Ð µxpansion is not availablÐ µ to black businÐ µssÐ µs. LÐ µgally sanctionÐ µd discrimination forcÐ µd black Ð µntrÐ µprÐ µnÐ µurs to takÐ µ an â€Å"Ð µconomic dÐ µtour,† around thÐ µ possibility of conducting businÐ µss bÐ µyond thÐ µir own communitiÐ µs. This dÐ µtour sÐ µriously limitÐ µd thÐ µ potÐ µntial dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt of black businÐ µssÐ µs and Ð µntrÐ µprÐ µnÐ µurship [ButlÐ µr 1985].In thÐ µ Crisis magazinÐ µ, W.C. MatnÐ µy madÐ µ this important obsÐ µrvation: Into this [frÐ µÃ µ Ð µntÐ µrprisÐ µ systÐ µm], wÐ µ find thÐ µ NÐ µgro first introducÐ µd as a slavÐ µ and dÐ µmÐ µd all rights.Today hÐ µ is a slavÐ µ of thÐ µ industrial and commÐ µrcial ordÐ µr by virtuÐ µ of thÐ µ industrial and commÐ µrcial rÐ µstrictions and dÐ µnials imposÐ µd upon him. HÐ µ livÐ µs in a compÐ µtitivÐ µ agÐ µ but must not compÐ µtÐ µ in a compÐ µti tivÐ µ markÐ µt [1930, 11].ThÐ µ problÐ µms of thÐ µ black community arÐ µ not mÐ µrÐ µly Ð µconomic as thÐ µ Ð µntrÐ µprÐ µnÐ µurial policy prÐ µsupposÐ µs. ThÐ µsÐ µ dilÐ µmmas rÐ µquirÐ µ comprÐ µhÐ µnsivÐ µ solutions.Tabb concludÐ µd that CDCs would not attain thÐ µ collÐ µctivÐ µ goal of community rÐ µvival bÐ µcausÐ µ thÐ µ stratÐ µgy callÐ µd for thÐ µ support of black Ð µntrÐ µprÐ µnÐ µurs who opÐ µratÐ µd for pÐ µrsonal profits.ThÐ µ failurÐ µ of many CDCs to fostÐ µr Ð µconomic advancÐ µmÐ µnt for urban blacks again dÐ µmonstratÐ µd thÐ µ inhÐ µrÐ µnt wÐ µaknÐ µss in black capitalistic vÐ µnturÐ µs as vÐ µhiclÐ µs of community dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt.Marcus GarvÐ µy's UnivÐ µrsal NÐ µgro ImprovÐ µmÐ µnt Association (UNIA) producÐ µd an altÐ µrnativÐ µ coopÐ µrativÐ µ modÐ µl for black community dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt that has also bÐ µÃ µn utilizÐ µd by othÐ µr groups including thÐ µ Nation of Islam and many black rÐ µligious dÐ µnominations. It sharÐ µs many charactÐ µristics with thÐ µ Mondragon.Although nÐ µvÐ µr fully rÐ µalizÐ µd, GarvÐ µy's stratÐ µgy Ð µnvisionÐ µd thÐ µ collÐ µctivÐ µ Ð µconomic advancÐ µmÐ µnt of African pÐ µoplÐ µs throughout thÐ µ world [A. GarvÐ µy 1967, 127].

World War II List of Battles By Year and Theater

World War II: Conferences Aftermath | World War II: 101 | World War II: Leaders People The battles of the World War II were fought across the globe from the fields of Western Europe and the Russian plains to the China and the waters of the Pacific. Beginning in 1939, these battles caused massive destruction and loss of life and elevated to prominence places that had previously been unknown. As a result, names such as Stalingrad, Bastogne, Guadalcanal, and Iwo Jima became eternally entwined with images of sacrifice, bloodshed, and heroism. The most costly and far-reaching conflict in history, World War II saw an unprecedented number of engagements as the Axis and Allies sought to achieve victory. The battles of World War II are largely divided into the European Theater (Western Europe), Eastern Front, Mediterranean/North Africa Theater, and the Pacific Theater. During World War II, between 22 and 26 million men were killed in battle as each side fought for their chosen cause. World War II Battles by Year and Theater 1939 September 3-May 8, 1945 - Battle of the Atlantic - Atlantic Ocean December 13 - Battle of the River Plate - South America 1940 February 16 - Altmark Incident - European Theater May 25-June 4 - Dunkirk Evacuation - European Theater July 3 - Attack on Mers el Kebir - North Africa July-October - Battle of Britain - European Theater September 17 - Operation Sea Lion (Invasion of Britain) - Postponed - European Theater November 11/12 - Battle of Taranto - Mediterranean December 8-February 9 - Operation Compass - North Africa 1941 March 27-29 - Battle of Cape Matapan - Mediterranean April 6-30 - Battle of Greece - Mediterranean May 20-June 1 - Battle of Crete - Mediterranean May 24 - Battle of the Denmark Strait - Atlantic September 8-January 27, 1944 - Siege of Leningrad - Eastern Front October 2-January 7, 1942 - Battle of Moscow - Eastern Front December 7 - Attack on Pearl Harbor - Pacific Theater December 8-23 - Battle of Wake Island - Pacific Theater December 8-25 - Battle of Hong Kong - Pacific Theater December 10 - Sinking of Force Z - Pacific Theater 1942 January 7-April 9 - Battle of Bataan - Pacific Theater January 31-February 15 - Battle of Singapore - Pacific Theater February 27 - Battle of the Java Sea - Pacific Theater April 18 - Doolittle Raid - Pacific Theater March 31-April 10 - Indian Ocean Raid - Pacific Theater May 4-8 - Battle of the Coral Sea - Pacific Theater May 5-6 - Battle of Corregidor - Pacific Theater May 26-June 21 - Battle of Gazala - North Africa June 4-7 - Battle of Midway - Pacific Theater July 1-27 - First Battle of El Alamein - North Africa August 7-February 9, 1943 - Battle of Guadalcanal - Pacific Theater August 9-15 - Operation Pedestal - Relief of Malta - Mediterranean August 9 - Battle of Savo Island - Pacific Theater August 19 - Dieppe Raid - European Theater August 24/25 - Battle of the Eastern Solomons - Pacific Theater August 25-September 7 - Battle of Milne Bay - Pacific August 30-September 5 - Battle of Alam Halfa - North Africa July 17-February 2, 1943 - Battle of Stalingrad - Eastern Front October 11/12 - Battle of Cape Esperance - Pacific Theater October 23-November 5 - Second Battle of El Alamein - North Africa November 8-16 - Naval Battle of Casablanca - North Africa October 25-26 - Battle of Santa Cruz - Pacific Theater November 8 - Operation Torch - North Africa November 12-15 - Naval Battle of Guadalcanal - Pacific Theater November 27 - Operation Lila Scuttling of the French Fleet - Mediterranean November 30 - Battle of Tassafaronga - Pacific Theater 1943 January 29-30 - Battle of Rennell Island - Pacific Theater February 19-25 - Battle of Kasserine Pass - North Africa February 19-March 15 - Third Battle of Kharkov - Eastern Front March 2-4 - Battle of the Bismarck Sea - Pacific Theater April 18 - Operation Vengeance (Yamamoto Shot Down) - Pacific Theater April 19-May 16 - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - Eastern Front May 17 - Operation Chastise (Dambuster Raids) - European Theater July 9-August 17 - Invasion of Sicily - Mediterranean July 24-August 3 - Operation Gomorrah (Firebombing Hamburg) - European Theater August 17 - Schweinfurt-Regensburg Raid - European Theater September 3-16 - Invasion of Italy - European Theater September 26 - Operation Jaywick - Pacific Theater November 2 - Battle of Empress Augusta Bay - Pacific Theater November 20-23 - Battle of Tarawa - Pacific Theater November 20-23 - Battle of Makin - Pacific Theater December 26 - Battle of the North Cape - Atlantic Ocean 1944 January 22-June 5 - Battle of Anzio - Mediterranean January 31-February 3 - Battle of Kwajalein - Pacific Theater February 17-18 - Operation Hailstone (Attack on Truk) - Pacific Theater February 17-May 18 - Battle of Monte Cassino - European Theater March 17-23 - Battle of Eniwetok - Pacific Theater March 24/25 - The Great Escape - European Theater June 4 - Capture of U-505 - European Theater June 6 - Operation Deadstick (Pegasus Bridge) - European Theater June 6 - D-Day - Invasion of Normandy - European Theater June 6-July 20 - Battle of Caen - European Theater June 15-July 9 - Battle of Saipan - Pacific Theater June 19-20 - Battle of the Philippine Sea - Pacific Theater July 21-August 10 - Battle of Guam - Pacific Theater July 25-31 - Operation Cobra - Breakout from Normandy - European Theater August 12-21 - Battle of the Falaise Pocket  - European Theater August 15-September 14 - Operation Dragoon - Invasion of Southern France - European Theater September 15-November 27 - Battle of Peleliu - Pacific Theater September 17-25 - Operation Market-Garden - European Theater October 23-26 - Battle of Leyte Gulf December 16-January 25, 1945 - Battle of the Bulge - European Theater 1945 February 9 - HMS Venturer sinks U-864 - European Theater February 13-15 - Dresden Bombing - European Theater February 16-26 - Battle of Corregidor (1945) - Pacific Theater February 19-March 26 - Battle of Iwo Jima - Pacific Theater April 1-June 22 - Battle of Okinawa - Pacific Theater March 7-8 - Bridge at Remagen - European Theater March 24 - Operation Varsity - European Theater April 7 - Operation Ten-Go - Pacific Theater April 16-19 - Battle of the Seelow Heights - Eurpean Theater April 16-May 2 - Battle of Berlin - European Theater April 29-May 8 - Operations Manna Chowhound - European Theater    World War II: Conferences Aftermath | World War II: 101 | World War II: Leaders People